Working Memory Is A Cognitive System That Maintains And...

Working memory is a cognitive system that maintains and manipulates task-relevant information for a short period of time. (Cowan, J. 1999) Memory plays a crucial role in everyday life. It enables one to effectively perform complex tasks such as the ability to reason and solve new problems independently on a daily basis. Working memory is limited in capacity and sensitive to interruptions. â€Å"Without memory, our awareness would be confined to an external present and our lives would be virtually devoid of meaning.† (Schacter,D..L and Scarry,E 2001) Impairments in working memory are often apparent in individuals with ADHD, acquired brain injury, depression and several other conditions. It is important that researchers grasp an in-depth understanding of what working memory is and how it works in order to develop interventions and ways to improve working memory. Recent research has revealed that working memory can be enhanced through Cogmed Working Memory Training. (Sà ¶derqvis t,S. and Nutley, S. 2015) This essay will focus predominantly on Baddeley’s working memory model. It will outline the constituents of the model, drawing upon evidence for and against the model. Atkinsons and Shiffrin’s multistore model of memory will be briefly mentioned. However, it is apparent that this model lacked detail and is outdated. Atkinson and Shriffin (1968) established a model known as the multi-store model. The model depicts that memory can be interpreted as a sequence of steps, wherebyShow MoreRelatedModule Information Processing Theory of Learning2021 Words   |  9 PagesModule Information Processing Theory of Learning INTRODUCTION The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Information processing theorists proposed that like the computer, the human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies. Like the computer, the mind has a limited capacity for the amount and nature of the information it can process ObjectivesRead MoreCan Schizophrenia Patients Be A Normal?1730 Words   |  7 Pagesas abnormal social behaviours; and cognitive difficulties, such as poorer attention and working memory. These manifestations clearly make it a challenge for schizophrenics to live a normal life and earn a living for themselves (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). According to Wilk et al. (2005), cognitive impairment is thought to be a central feature of schizophrenia. It spans across a number of separate cognitive domains, such as attention, working memory, executive functions and verbal fluencyRead MoreThe Theory Of Rational Systems1342 Words   |  6 PagesScott s Perspective of Organization s as Rational Systems in the perspective of Weber, Simon and Taylor. In the perspective of rational systems as defined by Scott- organizations are defined as â€Å"instruments designed to attain specific goals†. Scott focuses on the action of functional rationality that refers to the implementation of a series of actions to attain specific goals with maximum possible efficiency. Scott s draws his basic definition of rationality by encompassing the results, researchRead MoreAttention Defecit Hyperactivity Disorder2565 Words   |  10 PagesDisorder (ADHD) a neurobehavioral and cognitive disorder that is characterized by inattentive, impulsive and hyperactivity symptoms (Ko et al., 2013). It is a highly prevalent disorder among child and adolescent populations although approximately 15% of patients have been found to meet full symptom criteria into adulthood (Hoogman et al., 2013). ADHD has been related to various cognitive deficits in major areas of executive functioning such as planning, working memory decision making, goals setting, emotio nalRead Moreworking memory18399 Words   |  74 PagesPAGES CHAPTER Working Memory 6 Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves 1. Using Working Memory 1.1. A Computer Metaphor 1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working Memory 2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory: A Brief History 2.1. William James: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, and Consciousness 2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory 2.2.1. Brevity of Duration 2.2.2. Ready Accessibility 2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The Relationship of Short-Term and LongTerm Memory 2.4. The Baddeley-HitchRead MoreThe Digital Assistant, Or Pda2247 Words   |  9 Pagesincluding features like a calendar and tasks list. Today, the PDA has fallen into disuse, replaced by its more popular and powerful successor: the smart phone. Voice recognition technology is giving rebirth to the spirit of the PDA in the form of new intelligent digital systems designed to help you manage your affairs. These reborn personal assistants are gaining popularity in both consumer and business markets due to their ability to streamline commonplace tasks. As new technologies are discoveredRead MoreA Capacity Theory of Comprehension: Individual Differences in Working Memory17146 Words   |  69 PagesCapacity Theory of Comprehension: Individual Differences in Working Memory Marcel Adam Just and Patricia A. Carpenter Carnegie Mellon University A theory of the way working memory capacity constrains comprehension is proposed. The theory proposes that both processing and storage are mediated by activation and that the total amount of activation available in working memory varies among individuals. 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Review New Western History - 1720 Words

Tom Nowakowski 10/16/14 HI 324 Dr. Schandler Midterm Essay #1 â€Å"New Western History† entails a fundamentally different approach to looking at the history of the American West. Whereas the old narrative deemphasized the contributions of others, the new interpretative paradigm is now more inclusive of the roles of women, minority groups, the Federal Government, corporate capitalism, urbanization, and Spain too. In addition, a new environmental narrative has emerged as well. Prior to the implementation of the grid system, earlier colonial settlers sought to copy the European towns from which they came from. This meant constructing a town with the church being located in the middle and everything else being constructed outwards, including the roads. However, no longer is the idea of a uniform landscape and the grid theory prominent. The impracticalities are now noticeable. The grid system, which was enforced by the government and surveyors, was also unrealistic not only with topography, but with the earth as well. In reality, the grid was never completely square. Since the earth is round, the grid produced trapezoids. In turn, this meant that some people received better land plots than others. What was meant to be an egalitarian system wasn’t so egalitarian after all. It’s now more commonplace to look at the uniqueness of particular landscapes and to take into account their peculiarities, instead of imposing uniformity on them. The original narrative adhered to the SecondShow MoreRelatedEuropean History as Told Through Diaghilevs Rite of Spring Essay example1030 Words   |  5 Pagesbehind it all. Diaghilev brings the ideas and talent of the blossoming Russia to Paris in 1913 with the premiere of Le Sacre du printempes. 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Coca Colas Environment Essay Example For Students

Coca Colas Environment Essay Soon after John S Pemberton prepared the first batch of Coca-Cola syrup in 1886, his friend and bookkeeper, F.M. Robinson, chose an alliterative name. He wrote the words in the now familiar flowing script, and, in 1893, Coca-Cola was registered officially in the U.S Patent and Trademark Office. The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company and is the leading producer and marketer of soft drinks. The company markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands: Coca-Cola (the worlds Number one and best known trademark), Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Through the worlds largest and most pervasive distribution system, consumers in nearly 200 countries enjoy the Companys products at a rate of more than 900 million a day. Soon after John S Pemberton prepared the first batch of Coca-Cola syrup in 1886, his friend and bookkeeper, F.M. Robinson, chose an alliterative name. He wrote the words in the now familiar flowing script, and, in 1893, Coca-Cola was registered officially in the U.S Patent and Trademark Office. In 1941 the word Coke received equal prominence in advertising with Coca-Cola and in 1945 was registered as a trademark. In 1888 control of the budding businessman Asa G. Candler who saw the potential for Coca-Cola and acquired sole ownership for the princely sum of $2,300. The Coca-Cola Company was formed in 1892 and within three years Coca-Cola was being drunk in every state of the U.S. Shortly afterwards the move into world markets began with sales in Canada and Honolulu. The key to this wider distribution was bottling. Coca-Cola was first put into bottles in 1894 but it was only at the turn of the century, when two businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee secured the rights to sell Coca-Cola throughout the U.S that bottling commenced on a large scale. Asa Candler was a great believer in advertising and countless souvenir and novelty items depicting the trademark were distributed during his period as proprietor. In 1919 the Candler interests were sold to Atlanta banker Ernest Woodruff. His son Robert Winship Woodruff was elected president of the Coca-Cola in 1923. During the 20s and 30s under Robert Woodruff, the Coca-Cola Company introduced many new ways of distributing and dispensing Coca-Cola, the Glascock Cooler for example and Automatic Dole Master. The stage was set for worldwide distribution with the establishment of what was to become the Coca-Cola Export Corporation in 1926 which was responsible for foreign sales. Under Woodruffs leadership many new merchandising and marketing ideas were put into practice and his vision of Coca-Cola as an international institution soon became a reality. One of Robert Woodruffs major objectives was to place Coca-Cola within an arms reach of desire. Even thirsty sports fans were within hailing distance of a vendor selling ice-cold Coke. Robert Woodruff insisted on quality for the product and its image, initiating stringent quality control standards for both bottling and fountain operations. By contract with The Coca-Cola Company or its local subsidiaries, bottling companies are authorised to package and sell their soft drinks within certain territorial boundaries and under conditions that ensure the highest standards of quality and uniformity. The company takes great pride in being a worldwide business that is always local. Bottling and canning plants are, with some exceptions, locally owned and operated by independent business people who are native to the countries in which they are located. Bottlers provide the required capital investment for land, buildings, machinery, equipment, trucks, bottles and cases. Most supplies are bought form local sources, often creating new supply industries and areas of employment within the local economy. The company supplies bottlers with syrups, concentrates and beverage bases and actively engages in management assistance to help ensure the profitable growth of the bottlers business. Bottlers are offered a broad range of business support services form the Company, in such areas as product quality control, marketing, advertising, engineering, finance and personnel training. To handle the enormous scope of its business, The Coca-Cola Company is divided into 6 operating units: the Middle and Far East Group, the Greater Europe Group, the Latin America Group, the North America Group (responsible for the United States and Canada), the Africa Group (responsible for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa), and The Minute Maid Company (the largest marketer of juice and juice-drink products in the world). The Company today views itself as a truly global corporation that happens to be headquartered in the United States. Martin Luther King JR EssayBottlers provide the required capital investment for land, buildings, machinery, equipment, trucks, bottles and cases. Most supplies are bought form local sources, often creating new supply industries and areas of employment within the local economy. The company supplies bottlers with syrups, concentrates and beverage bases and actively engages in management assistance to help ensure the profitable growth of the bottlers business. Bottlers are offered a broad range of business support services form the Company, in such areas as product quality control, marketing, advertising, engineering, finance and personnel training. To handle the enormous scope of its business, The Coca-Cola Company is divided into 6 operating units: the Middle and Far East Group, the Greater Europe Group, the Latin America Group, the North America Group (responsible for the United States and Canada), the Africa Group (responsible for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa), and The Minute Maid Company (the largest marketer of juice and juice-drink products in the world). The Company today views itself as a truly global corporation that happens to be headquartered in the United States. With decades of experience in international business, the Company has mastered the challenges of marketing and advertising to a vast world population. The messages are not simply translated but tailored to suit local cultures. Even within a single country, like the United States, the Company reaches different audiences in different ways to make sure that no segment of the population misses the message that Company products are special, different and better. Competitive Advantage Key Success Factors:Coca-Cola has built up a brand over the last 113 years in just under 200 countries serving a network of 14 million customers (e.g. Retailers, Cinemas etc.) who resell onto the consumer. Its recognisability as a brand is second to none. Coca-Cola is market leader in most of the countries it serves. Between all its brands it usually makes up three or four (e.g. In the USA Coca -Cola has established four of its brands in the top five) of the top selling soft drinks. The companys position within the market is virtually inpenetratable. The management successfully achieved to serve a wide range of markets and needs with equal effectiveness. The distribution system is regarded as one of the best in the world. The anchor bottlers, who are a strong and focused team, have contributed to the success of Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola, usually, hold an equity position within these bottlers which builds a unique working relationship. It gives a sense that your customers are also your partners. The company continues its integrative growth. Coca-Cola has a number of world-renowned brands, such as, Sprite, Fanta and Diet Coke. It is believed if production plants and inventories of the company went up in flames overnight, banks would give funds to rebuild with only the trademarks Coke and Coca-Cola as security. A great Strength of Coca-Cola is its diversification of brands within the drinks industry. As years pass they branch out into the juice (Minute Maid), sports drink (PowerAde) and water (Dasani) industry. Research and development (R;D) is a major factor in the company maintaining its number one slot. As they innovate by producing different brands, they also develop different products within the various brands. Most notably were the development of a variation of Coca-Cola itself with the introduction of Diet coke, Classic coke and Cherry coke. Most recently was the expansion of the Powerade range with the launch of Arctic Shatter later this year. The dual vision of Coca-coal of being both nearsighted and farsighted has set a worldwide standard. While creating a short-term goal, they will not sacrifice a long-term vision, to achieve it. The company has always believed in creating and improving the infrastructure of the company to build for the future. Amid dismal economic performance (e.g. Russia, Indonesia) will always continue to invest in the future. Coca-Cola boasts the slogan Now is why were confident about always which underlines their commitment to market orientated strategic planning. The market strength of Coca-Cola is revealed in the fact that in 113 years of business volume has only dropped 12 times, the last time was 44 years ago. It is for these reasons that Coca-Cola, which was a small chemist shop at the turn of the 19th century, will go into the 21st century as one of the top companies in the world. Bibliography:

Macbeth And Lennox Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth And Lennox LENNOX. Lennox is a political power-seeker, and we saw him on stage every time we saw Duncan on stage. He is one of those people who gravitates to power and gets as close to it as possible so that he can feel it and share it as much as possible. Once Macbeth is king, then Lennox is around him all the time, too. At the banquet when Macbeth saw Banquo's ghost, he was the one to invite Macbeth to sit next to him. He was the one to have the last word even when Lady Macbeth shouted for everyone to leave the room: Better health attend his majesty. Macbeth brought Lennox in to a place of great trust, as can be seen when Macbeth went to see the witches again: he took Lennox with him. At the end of the play, when the power changed sides, so did Macbeth. He was with the forces fighting against Macbeth. Therefore, Lennox would do ANYTHING to be in the glow of the power. In order to secure a better position with Macbeth, he became the third murderer. Macbeth asked him to go because he needed a warrior to make sure the job got done; he could not trust the two men he had hired to kill the great warrior, Banquo, without the help of another thane/warrior. Lennox was the one for the job. Macbeth knew he would do anything to stay near the power, and he took advantage of this. Another take on Lennox as the third murderer has him as a spy in Macbeth's castle, loyal to the forces opposing Macbeth. Lennox had been loyal to Duncan and ended up as one of the leaders of the forces opposing Macbeth in the end of the play. In fact, it was Lennox who knew where every soldier was, so he must have had the master plan for the battle in his possession. (When the question was asked in the end, Who knows if Donalbain be with his brother? it was Lennox who knew for certain that he was not. Lennox had a list of all the gentry. A political power-seeker would not earn that kind of position so quickly in the rebellion, so he must have been against Macbeth all along. His negative opinion of Macbeth was clearly expressed in Act III, scene vi, when he calls him a tyrant and rails against him openly to the unnamed Lord. Macbeth himself talks about how he has spies in every one else's castle: There's not a one of them but in his house/ I keep a servant feed (Act III, scene iv). Therefore, Lennox is a spy in Macbeth's castle. In the position of trust he has managed to obtain, he is sent out at the last minute to help with the killing of Banquo. Although he does not want to blow his cover, he cannot let Banquo die. However, the light is extinguished, the two murderers set upon Banquo immediately, killing him before Lennox can stop them, so he does the best that he can by helping Fleance to escape. He then returned to the banquet, where he would not have been missed. He maintains his close link to Macbeth, but does not give him any information that would help Macbeth. Note the fact that he does not tell Macbeth about Macduff's flight to England until his hand is forced by the two or three riders who came by in Act IV to report the information to Macbeth. The audience knows, though, that he already knew this from the conversation he had earlier with the unnamed Lord. He kept this information from Macbeth because he was a spy.